Arising out of education and sociology, in which individuals are seen as actively constructing an understanding of their worlds, heavily influenced by the social world(s) in which they are operating. According to Kuhlthau (1993), educational constructivist theory built on the work of Dewey (1933, 1944), Kelly (1963), and Vygotsky (1978), among others, while, according to Ritzer (2000), sociological constructivist theory arose from Schutz (English translation 1967, original 1932), Berger & Luckmann (1990 reprint), and the closely related ethnomethodological work of Garfinkel (1967). Major proponents of this approach in LIS have been Dervin {1983, 1999) and Kuhlthau (1993).

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