ideographic -- looking closely into one case (geertz explains that you're studying as an exemplar --diff bt a twitch and a wink is vast); to do really good qualitative research you need to be able to write like him; he gets into how the social relationships represent something generally, though you can't ever repeat this); has good internal validity; having done 50+cockfights offers some more generalizability; what's happening in the microcosm is a reflection of these things; how these relationships hold up in all these other situations
nomothetic-->as generalizable as possible

exploratory
descriptive
explanatory (when you start reading about the cockfights, you think it's exploratory, but it's more thick description and explanatory theories)

qualitative (notice how much counting happens, even in the qualitative descriptions; a whole lot of accounting to get a sense of the magnitude)
quantitative

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

internal validity
external validity

placing lofland and geertz on these dimensions

variance control
experiment-->most control
quasi-experiement-->fewer controls
survey-->even fewer controls
open-ended interviews-->even even fewer controls
ethnographic field research-->least control

lit review lays out the other ways ppl have characterized things and the methods they've used; "im choosing to do it this way"

also depends on where you are in the state of developing your ideas
exploratory study --> pilot study to get a sense of the variables
and then go out and get more control in an experiement
conversely, you might do a large survey and find some anomaly worth following up and then go do something more qualitative with open-end interviews

geertz starts with different classes of ppl but when he gets into the betting/money, he gets into ratio data

why, what, how --> use it for any of these reasons, but usually it's ideographic so you look at a few sites in more depth

several other things to note:
anthropological is more semiotic, as opposed to the more sociological
semiotic (signs, symbols, signifyers, metaphors)
sociological, anthropological, ethnomethodological-->deriving meaning from each observation; the whole idea of culture is completely invented. it's not observable, it's an invented concept; what part of it can you study?
ethnography
ethnomethodology: getting at implicit assumptions by probing and going deeper into the verbal and physical responses

also, lofland bookis more of a handbook/tutorial than a theoretical piece

so geertz is the why
lofland is the how

Marika's topic: What kinds of trauma do archivists experience working with materials documenting human rights violations?

identify sites where archivists work with this type of material
three sites: outsiders, personal experience, descendants
variable: personal relationship to the materials
getting in to those sites: "start where you are" she can get introduced to the people through personal contacts
what will you tell them you want to do once you get there?
what value will they get for letting you in?
has to still maintain their anonymity

design your protocol
observation
processing work
couple weeks
find out about their protocols
current and/or interviewing people who did it before
staff meetings
counseling

kinds of people
training
experience
relationship to material

material
documents
video
audio
photos

degree of sense of materials

this is where you need some theoretical framework: working with human rights violations materials has a traumatic effect on archivists
then have to operationalize what it means for each of these parts
some kind of index of trauma

observation
meticulous notes
memos
coding

sampling-->who will your informants be?
how will you ensure you have enough and the right informants?

observations
your impressions/feelings
"in the room and in the room with yourself"
can do preauthorized recording (video/audio)
immediately after, you want to go over your notes to analyze

good idea to bring a half-page document on who you are and what you're doing there to quickly gain their confidence

sampling frame can be a list from a membership organization