May 23, 2018 at 07:16AM
via Futurity

Closing coal- and oil-fired power plants lowers the rate of preterm births in neighboring communities and improves fertility, two new studies show.

Researchers compared preterm births and fertility before and after eight power plants in California closed between 2001 and 2011.

“We were excited to do a good news story in environmental health…”

Overall, the percentage of preterm births—babies born before 37 weeks of gestation—dropped from 7 percent in a year-long period before plant closure to 5.1 percent for the year after shutdown. Rates for non-Hispanic African-American, and Asian women dropped even more: from 14.4 percent to 11.3 percent.

Preterm births, which can often result in babies spending time in a neonatal intensive care unit, contributes to infant mortality and can cause health problems later in life.

The World Health Organization estimates that the cost of preterm births, defined as births between 32 and 37 weeks of gestation, accounts for some $2 billion in healthcare costs worldwide.

The 20-25 percent drop in preterm birthrates is larger than expected, but consistent with other studies linking birth problems to air pollution around power plants, says Joan Casey, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, and lead author of a study in the American Journal of Epidemiology.

Researchers used similar data for a paper in Environmental Health and found that fertility—the number of live births per 1,000 women—increased around coal and oil power plants after closure.

“We were excited to do a good news story in environmental health,” Casey says. “Most people look at air pollution and adverse health outcomes, but this is the flip side: We said, let’s look at what happens when we have this external shock that removes air pollution from a community and see if we can see any improvements in health.”

The findings could help policy makers more strategically plan the decommissioning of power plants as they build more renewable sources of energy, in order to have the biggest health impact.

“We believe that these papers have important implications for understanding the potential short-term community health benefits of climate and energy policy shifts and provide some very good news on that front,” says coauthor Rachel Morello-Frosch, professor of environmental science, policy, and management; of public health; and a leading expert on the differential effects of pollution on communities of color and the poor.

“These studies indicate short-term beneficial impacts on preterm birth rates overall and particularly for women of color.”

Researchers compared preterm birth rates in the first year following the closure date of each power plant with the rate during the year starting two years before the plant’s retirement, so as to eliminate seasonal effects on preterm births. They also corrected for the mother’s age, socioeconomic status, education level, and race/ethnicity.

Dividing the surrounding region into three concentric rings 5 kilometers (3 miles) wide, Casey delved into state of California birth records to determine the rate of preterm births in each ring.

Those living in the closest ring, from zero to 5 kilometers from the plant, saw the largest improvement: a drop from 7 to 5.1 percent. Those living in the 5-10 kilometer zone showed less improvement. The researchers used those living in the 10-20 km zone as a control population.

Toxic ponds near these U.S. power plants are leaking

Researchers also considered the effects of winds on preterm birth rates, and though downwind areas seemed to exhibit greater improvements, the differences were not statistically significant.

As a control, they replicated their analysis around eight power plants that had not closed, and found no before-versus-after difference, which supported the results of their main analyses.

There did not appear to be any effect on births before 32 weeks, which Casey says may reflect the fact that very early births are a result of problems, genetic or environmental, more serious than air pollution.

Casey notes that the study didn’t break out the effects of individual pollutants, which can include particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, lead, mercury, and other known health hazards, but took a holistic approach to assess the combined effect of a mix of pollutants.

“It would be good to look at this relationship in other states and see if we can apply a similar rationale to retirement of power plants in other places,” Casey says.

Air pollution tied to higher risk of abnormal fetal growth

Other coauthors are from UC Berkeley, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, and UC San Francisco.

The UC San Francisco California Preterm Birth Initiative, which is funded by Marc and Lynne Benioff, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the US Environmental Protection Agency funded the work.

Source: UC Berkeley

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